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Over 3 billion devices run java according to Oracle.
It is currently (2016) the most popular development language.

At What is Java and why do I need it? at java.com, they say,
Java is a programming language and computing platform first released by Sun Microsystems in 1995. There are lots of applications and websites that will not work unless you have Java installed, and more are created every day. Java is fast, secure, and reliable. From laptops to datacenters, game consoles to scientific supercomputers, cell phones to the Internet, Java is everywhere!

The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) comes automatically with most desktop and laptop operating systems.
The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is only one aspect of Java software that is involved in web interaction. The Java Virtual Machine is built right into your Java.

Wikipedia says,
Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that code that runs on one platform does not need to be recompiled to run on another.

The Java Plug-in software is a component of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE).

Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode (class file) that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture.



Run your application in their web browser with a single click.

Verify Java Version | java.com


Java libraries and utilities
  • From oracle
  • Java.lang from Oracle -
    Classes that are fundamental to the design of the Java programming language
  • java.util (Java Platform SE 7 ) from Oracle
    Contains the collections framework, legacy collection classes, event model, date and time facilities, internationalization, and miscellaneous utility classes (a string tokenizer, a random-number generator, and a bit array). FormDev - JFormDesigner - Java/Swing GUI Designer
  • Java.io - classes that handle fundamental input and output operations in Java.
  • Java.net - classes and interfaces that provide a powerful infrastructure for networking in Java.
  • Swing is a GUI widget toolkit for Java.
  • Java.sql
  • Java.security
  • Third Party
  • Java Network Launching Protocol (JNLP)
  • Google Guava - Open-source set of common libraries for Java. It is designed by Google and was previously known as Google Collections. It's a useful source of miscellaneous utility functions and classes. It's basically a core library for immutable collections, string manipulation, caching, primitives support, and easier I/O functions.
  • Apache Commons - Enhancements on core java collections. It provides additional collections and utility methods to manipulate collection objects easily and efficiently.
  • JSON Libraries
    JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a language-independent data format. It derives from JavaScript, but as of 2016, code to generate and parse JSON-format data is available in many programming languages. It uses human-readable text to transmit data objects consisting of attribute-value pairs.
    It is the most common data format used for asynchronous browser/server communication (AJAJ), largely replacing XML which is used by AJAX.
    See JSON at the JavaScript page
  • Gson - JSON parsing library by Google
  • Jackson - A very popular and efficient Java-based library to serialize or map Java objects to JSON and vice versa.
  • Eclipse IDE (Integrated Development Environment) - contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment. Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications, but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins
See others at 45+ Most Useful Java Libraries | FromDev
Java Web Applications:
Java applets are java code to run in a window inside a browser.
They have fallen into disuse:
Java is not embedded in some browsers and no, as far as I know, mobile device (phones, tablets) browsers.

There are now other ways to access java code to bowsers.
Servlet.

Books:
Professional Java Web Applications: Featuring WebSockets, Spring Framework, JPA Hibernate and Spring Security


JavaServer Pages (JSP)
JSP is a technology for developing web pages that support dynamic content which helps developers insert java code in HTML pages by making use of special JSP tags, most of which start with <% and end with %>.
Search for JSP
Spring
The Spring Framework provides a comprehensive programming and configuration model for modern Java-based enterprise applications - on any kind of deployment platform. A key element of Spring is infrastructural support at the application level: Spring focuses on the "plumbing" of enterprise applications so that teams can focus on application-level business logic, without unnecessary ties to specific deployment environments.
Spring Framework | Spring.io
Java Persistence API (JPA)
JPA forms a bridge between object models (Java program) and relational models (database program), making it easier to deal with large database applications.
Search for JPA
Mac OS X
Overview of Java for OS X | developer.apple.com (2010)
Apple Developer Tools for Java (2010)
Java Deployment Options for OS X | developer.apple.com
Links:
Google java
JavaScript

last updated 19 Oct 2013