1. Smash it
  Put clove(s) on a cutting board. I usually cut off the root end of each clove.
  Lay a large chef's flat on the clove, then smack the knife to crush the clove.
2. Shake it:
 - Break the head into cloves
 - Put the cloves into a sealable hard-sided container much larger (10x or more) than the garlic
 - Shake the hell out of it for about 15-30 seconds
 
Ginger:
How to Peel, Slice, Julienne, Chop, Mince, and Grate Ginger | Simply Recipes

Onion:
How to Peel and Chop an Onion Video and Steps | Real Simple