Types:
Product Asphalt (3-tab) Asphalt (laminated) Metal (coated steel) Plastic Polymer Clay Tile Concrete Tile Slate Wood (cedar)
Weight/Square 190-250 lb. 240-340 lb. 80-150 lb. 70-300 lb. 600-1,800 lb. 550-1,000 lb. 800-1,000 lb. 200-350 lb.
Lifespan 15-20 yr. 20-30 yr. 30-50 yr. 50+ yr. 50+ yr. 50+ yr. 75+ yr. 15-25 yr.
Cost/Square $75-$125 $125-$200 $250-$450 $400-$650 $800-$1,000 $300-$500 $1,100-$2,000 $350-$450
Cost/Year $4-$8 $4-$10 $5-$15 $7-$13 $13-$20 $5-$10 $10-$20 $14-$30
See:
Pros and cons of popular roofing materials | RoofGenius.com
How to Choose a Roof for Your Home | Today's Homeowner

Color:
Some of the worst roofing color mistakes I've seen are when a homeowner chooses a hue that almost perfectly matches the siding or brick. It winds up being a monotone, boring, almost lifeless color scheme. Always try to complement your colors instead of matching them exactly.

A mix of dark and light colors can accentuate interesting architectural elements, while a mix of similar colors can tone down awkward areas.

When using roofing material samples to match or complement your home's exterior colors, look at the shingle sample both in the sun and in the shade.

One federally funded study concluded that the plywood sheathing under black shingles was 10 degrees warmer than an identical white shingled roof on a sunny day. However, the study found less difference between other shades of roofs (grays and browns).

See:
How to Pick the Best Roof Color for Your Home | Angies List
Vinyl Siding Colors CT - How To Choose Color For Your House

Valleys:
Valleys are a prime source of leakage.

3 kinds.
woven, open, closed-cut and California
See Valleys | National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA)

Woven:
OK with 3 tab or slate lined shingles - Not with GAF laminated.
Because woven valleys are more prone to debris accumulation, snow and ice buildup, and material bridging, NRCA does not recommend using them.






Open:
NRCA (Lile) recommends that roof valley flashing metal for open roof valleys should be 26-gauge (0.45mm) galvanized steel or equivalent noncorrosive, nonstaining metal.
Open valleys are constructed by installing a metal lining over the valley underlayment using corrosion-resistant metal. The underlayment should be a minimum 36-inchwide polymer-modified bitumen sheet, base sheet or selfadhering underlayment such as:
WeatherWatch®, WinterGuard™ or StormGard®

NRCA recommends valley metal be formed with a center line rib or V-crimp 1 to 1 1/2 inch high and 24 inches wide.
Valley metal should be installed in lengths no longer than 10 feet to control thermal movement.
NRCA recommends stripping in the metal flanges with a 9- to 12-inch strip of self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen underlayment material.

Closed-cut:
For closed-cut valleys, shingles on one roof plane are installed through a valley and extended at least 12 inches into the intersecting plane. Shingles from the other side are run through the valley center line and cut along a line parallel to and 2 inches from the center line. Each end shingle strip should have the upper corner trimmed and set in a bead of roof cement.






California valleys (closed-cut or open)
For a closed-cut California valley, a vertical run of strip shingles is installed along the chalk line end-to-end with the butt edge toward the valley.
California-style valleys are not recommended for valley slopes less than 4:12 (18 degrees). Snow accumulation, frequent intense rainfall incidents and excessive debris accumulation should be considered when deciding to use California-style valleys;

See:
"Roof Installation: How To Shingle a Valley (HD)" by RoofRepair101 - GAF - YouTube
Roof valley flashing specifications and details | inspectapedia.com
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 23 - InterNACHI

For shake or clay tile roofs, valleys should have a v crimp.

For roofs with slopes of 12:12 or greater, valley flashing should extend not less than 8" on each side of the valley centerline. For roof slopes less than 12:12, flashing should extend not less than 11" each side.

Links:
Pros and cons of popular roofing materials
Composition Shingles
Certainteed Shingle Applicator's Manual

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last updated 24 Nov 2015