Don's Home Health Corona Virus Vaccine - Treatments - Cure	Contact

Current anti-virals:
Paxlovid, is the most popular.

Lagevrio (molnupiravir) antiviral introduced in November 2023 is compatible with some blood thinners like Xeralto

See What Are the Possible Treatment Options for COVID‑19? | Health and Human Services (HHS.gov)
and Nasal Congestion in health.

Moderna, Pfizer covid vaccines: What you need to know - The Washington Post

Launched in 1996, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) is a nonprofit scientific research organization dedicated to addressing urgent, unmet global health challenges including HIV and tuberculosis.
In 2020 24 years later there is still no vaccine.

Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, the top infectious disease expert on the Trump administration’s coronavirus task force, estimate a vaccine could arrive in at least 12 to 18 months. This is optimistic. The record for developing an entirely new vaccine is at least four years.

Although scientists did create candidate vaccines for the coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, these did not exit clinical trials or enter public use, partly because of lack of resources.

The COVID-19 effort is being fast-tracked.
Normally researchers need years to secure funding, get approvals and study results piece by piece.
There are already at least 254 therapies and 95 vaccines related to Covid-19 being explored.

• Exploratory stage 2-5 years
  
  1. propose a method to stop the virus
  2. Create the drug
  3. Test it in a Petri dish in the lab
  4. Identify animals species susceptible to the virus
  5. Test it on animals
• Pre-clinical stage 2 years
A 2015 NY Times Article The Solution to Drug Pricessays "On average, only one in every 5,000 compounds that drug companies discover and put through preclinical testing becomes an approved drug."
They do not site the source of this number. Steps may include Drug substance formulation In vitro testing - Petri dish tests In vivo testing - tests on live organisms Safe dose
• Clinical development

Phase	What	Time	Failure Rate
Phase 1	Tests on 20-100 healthy volunteers	2 yrs	37%
Phase 2	Cross sectional tests of several hundred volunteers with different ages and health conditions, for side effects, Immune response	37%	2-3 yrs
Phase 3	Hundreds or thousands of volunteers tested for efficacy and safety.	5-10 yrs	42%

• Regulatory review and approval 15% failure
• Manufacturing
• Quality Control
Less than 10% of drug trials are ultimately approved.

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• Possible attacks on SARS-CoV-2:
  Vacines for measles, influenza and others work by a weakened or dead virus to activate an imune response, but this method is labor-intensive and time consuming.
• Raul Andino-Pavlovsky, a professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the UCSF, told Live Science. said. COVID-19 infections typically take hold in so-called mucosal tissues that line the upper respiratory tract, and to effectively prevent viral spread, "you need to have immunity at the site of infection, in the nose, in the upper respiratory tract," he said.
  Activating the immune cells that protect mucosal tissue may work.
• Use mRNA to prompt human cells to build proteins found on the virus' surface and thus trigger a protective immune response against the coronavirus. Messenger RNA (mRNA), basically half of a DNA molecule that leaves the cell nucleus to generate a protein.
  This should work in theory but hasen't yet for HIV and other retroviruses.
  See Coronavirus facts.
• A vaccine that has antibodies.

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Once you get a prototype of a vaccine you need something like an animal model to test it on.

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How They Work:
In the absence of good and easily understood explainers, misinformation thrives.
A TikTok video is a short skit by an actor named Vick Krishna who turns the mundane process of vaccination into a good-versus-evil thriller to explain how the mRNA vaccine works. It’s been viewed 6 million times on TikTok alone.
How the mRNA Vaccine 💉 works Krishna's video

Understanding How COVID-19 Vaccines Work | CDC
(196) COVID-19 vaccine basics: How the vaccines work - YouTube | MD Anderson
(196) How do mRNA COVID-19 vaccines work? - YouTube | PBS News Hour
How Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine works: mRNA | FastCompany


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Delta Variant
On June 14 the CDC declared the delta variant a "variant of concern," a designation given when there is increased evidence of factors such as transmissibility or severity or reduced effectiveness of vaccines or treatments. As of June 5th it accounted for 10% of the cases in the US.
It will most likely become the dominant strain in the US in 1-2 months.

It is 40%-60% more infectious or transmissable- i.e. spreads easier.
It may be more serious - Causes more severe illness, but more data is needed.
It's more important to get 2 doses of the vaccine.
The first dose which was 80-85% effective for Pfizer and Moderna with the original viruus is only 30-35% effective with the delta variant.
The vaccine is 88% effective after the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine.

Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant | NJEM July 21, 2021

Abstract:
Effectiveness after one dose of vaccine ( BNT162b2 (Pfizer– BioNTech) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford–AstraZeneca) was notably lower among persons with the delta variant (30.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25.2 to 35.7) than among those with the alpha variant (48.7%; 95% CI, 45.5 to 51.7); the results were similar for both vaccines. With the BNT162b2 vaccine, the effectiveness of two doses was 93.7% (95% CI, 91.6 to 95.3) among persons with the alpha variant and 88.0% (95% CI, 85.3 to 90.1) among those with the delta variant. With the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, the effectiveness of two doses was 74.5% (95% CI, 68.4 to 79.4) among persons with the alpha variant and 67.0% (95% CI, 61.3 to 71.8) among those with the delta variant.

Conclusions
Only modest differences in vaccine effectiveness were noted with the delta variant as compared with the alpha variant after the receipt of two vaccine doses. Absolute differences in vaccine effectiveness were more marked after the receipt of the first dose. This finding would support efforts to maximize vaccine uptake with two doses among vulnerable populations. (Funded by Public Health England.)

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Links:
Variants
Covid vaccine update: Tracking progress against coronavirus - Washington Post October 24
When will a COVID-19 vaccine be ready? | Live Science
Understanding How Vaccines Work | CDC